Evaluation of the emission characteristics of PCDD/Fs from electric arc furnaces

Distribution of PCDD/F (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran) congeners at two electric arc furnaces (EAFs) in Taiwan is evaluated via intensive stack sampling and analysis. Two kinds of exhaust system in EAFs including stack system and shutter system are selected for measuring dioxin emissions. In addition, dioxin emissions during oxidation and reduction stages at EAF-A were characterized. Results indicate that the PCDD/F concentration of stack gas in EAF-A was 4.39 ng/N m³ while total Toxic Equivalent Quantity (TEQ) concentration was 0.35 ng I-TEQ/N m³. The PCDD/F concentration of stack gas in EAF-B was 2.20 ng/N m³ and the TEQ concentration was 0.14 ng I-TEQ/N m³. 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H_pCDF, OCDD and OCDF are the major contributors of the dioxin concentrations for two EAFs investigated and the percentage of PCDD/F in particulate phase increases as the chlorination level of the PCDD/F congener increases. The results obtained on gas/particulate partitioning of PCDD/Fs in flue gases prior to the APCD in EAFs indicate that more than 90% exists in particulate phase. In EAF-A, the PCDD/F concentration during oxidation stage is slightly higher than that measured during reduction stage, including the sampling points of CO converter outlet, prior to bag filter and stack. Majority of PCDD/Fs emitted from steel-making processes exists in particulate-phase (about 60–70%) at both EAFs investigated.     

Partitioning and removal of dioxin-like congeners in flue gases treated with activated carbon adsorption

Activated carbon adsorption is commonly used to control dioxin-like congener (PCDD/Fs and PCBs) emissions. Partitioning of PCDD/Fs and PCBs between vapor and solid phases and their removal efficiencies achieved with existing air pollution control devices (APCDs) at a large-scale municipal waste incinerator (MWI) and an industrial waste incinerator (IWI) are evaluated via intensive stack sampling and analysis. Those two facilities investigated are equipped with activated carbon injection (ACI) with bag filter (BF) and fixed activated carbon bed (FACB) as major PCDD/F control devices, respectively. Average PCDD/F and PCB concentrations of stack gas with ACI+BF as APCDs are 0.031 and 0.006ng-TEQ/Nm(3), and that achieved with FACB are 1.74 and 0.19ng-TEQ/Nm(3) in MWI and IWI, respectively. The results show that FACB could reduce vapor-phase PCDD/Fs and PCBs concentrations in flue gas, while the ACI+BF can effectively adsorb the vapor-phase dioxin-like congener and collect the solid-phase PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the meantime. Additionally, the results of the pilot-scale adsorption system (PAS) experimentation indicate that each gram activated carbon adsorbs 105-115ng-PCDD/Fs and each surface area (m(2)) of activated carbon adsorbs 10-25ng-PCDD/Fs. Based on the results of PAS experimentation, this study confirms that the surface area of mesopore+macropore (20-200A) of the activated carbon is a critical factor affecting PCDD/F adsorption capacity.     

Thermal hazard accident investigation of hydrogen peroxide mixing with propanone employing calorimetric approaches

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), historically, due to its broad applications in the chemical industries, has caused many serious fires and explosions around the world. Its thermal hazards may also be incurred by an incompatible reaction with other chemicals, and a runaway reaction may be induced in the last stage. This study applied thermal analytical methods to explore the H₂O₂ leading to these accidents by incompatibility and to discuss what might be formed by the upset situations. Thermal hazard analysis contained a solvent, propanone (CH₃COCH₃, so-called acetone), which was deliberately selected to mix with H₂O₂ for investigating the degree of thermal hazard. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and vent sizing package 2 (VSP2) were employed to evaluate the thermal hazard of H₂O₂. The results indicated that H₂O₂ is highly hazardous while mixed with propanone, as a potential contaminant. The time to maximum rate (TMR) was used as emergency response time in the chemical industries. Therefore, TMR of H₂O₂ was calculated to be 70 min for runaway reaction (after T₀) and TMR of H₂O₂/propanone was discovered to be 27 min only. Fire and explosion hazards could be successfully lessened if the safety-related data are properly imbedded into manufacturing processes.     

GB/T 7702-2008《煤质颗粒活性炭试验方法》标准的研究

通过对GB/T 7702-2008《煤质颗粒活性炭试验方法》的修订,研究了国际上先进国家的ASTM、JIS、ГОСТ同类标准内容。本系列标准除等同采用部分国际先进标准外,还结合本国特点增加了部分国外标准没有的内容,同时着重对碘吸附值测定进行了深入研究,确定了国际先进的碘吸附值试验方法。     

基于AHP法的诱发露天矿作业现场碰撞事故危险点重要度排序

露天矿作业现场运行的设备碰撞事故属于安全生产重大事故,尽管发生并不频繁但是同类事故依然在生产中发生。控制诱发该类事故的危险点是现场安全管理的重点,根据现场的事故案例运用AHP法,通过对危险点排序找出其中的重要度,确定碰撞事故中的主要诱发因素,以此在动态生产中识别系统关键节点的危险性,找到预防同类碰撞事故的有效措施。由于诱发危险点在生产中的复杂性,AHP法解决的只是一段时间内的问题,但也为快速掌握安全预控问题提供了一种研究思路。这样在管理资源有限的条件下,为工艺运行的安全预防和控制提供可靠的保障。     

Design,Modelling and Assessment of Emission Scenarios Resulting from a Network of Wood Biomass Boilers

The use of wood biomass as a fuel for domestic and industrial heating systems allows for a reduction of CO₂ emissions at a global scale, but it may also result in worse local air quality conditions, due to their emissions of particulate matter. The aim of this study is to assess the actual trend of atmospheric pollution in a study area, assuming that all heating systems are replaced by small size biomass boilers linked to the buildings through district heating network. Ground level concentrations of particulate matter, emitted by different heating systems, are therefore evaluated through numerical simulations performed by means of an atmospheric dispersion model (Sirane). As a first step, we have compared the environmental impact of a woodchip boilers network with that given by the use of traditional heating systems, i.e. wood stoves and natural gas boilers. As a second step, we have analysed the impact of such a network taking into account different emission scenarios, related to different boilers operating conditions. Results show that the environmental performances of a woodchip boilers network can be optimized by combining it with other renewable sources of energy devoted to the supply of hot water. The adopted analysis methodology can be applied to other real or hypothetic punctual sources on the territory.     

The toxicity of cadmium ion (Cd2+) to phycocyanin: an in vitro spectroscopic study

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The pollution of heavy metals is a severer problem for the ecosystems in waters. The toxicity of Cd2+ on phycocyanin (PC) is studied in molecular...     

不同碳源条件下草菇内切型纤维素酶基因（eg1）转录表达的分析

利用Northernblot方法分析了不同碳源条件下草菇切型纤维素酶基因(eg1)的表达.结果发现,在含有纤维素的液体培养基中生长10d,eg1在草菇菌丝中有高效表达;纤维二糖、α-乳糖、β-乳糖,也能诱导eg1的表达,但和纤维素相比,eg1的表达量相对较低,并且它们的诱导效应在加入这类糖12h后迅速减弱;槐糖和龙胆二糖的诱导作用非常弱.在天然稻草为基质的固体栽培料生长时,草菇eg1的表达和草菇菌丝生长与出菇相对应,在菌丝生长期(d8)可见eg1的表达,d12时菌丝已长满,表达减弱,在出菇及菇体的分化及增大期,eg1的表达量逐渐增强,在成熟期达到最高水平;表明在草菇菇体发育中需要更多碳源及能源的补充,eg1在这方面起着非常重要的作用.图4参14     

某铁矿胶带运输机移动卸料车的除尘系统

针对该矿胶带运输机移动卸料车定点卸料的作业特点,采用随卸料车移动的抽风罩、水平式风管接口装置及湿式除尘机组,构成简捷的除尘系统,有效地解决了卸料车作业时产生的粉尘污染问题。     

Quick determination of malodor-causing fatty acids in manure by capillary electrophoresis

The analysis of odor components in livestock waste has been extensively studied. Past research has identified volatile fatty acids, especially from C3 to C6, as indicators of malodor. Originally, the odorous components were analyzed by gas chromatography after a tedious absorption and troublesome extraction procedure or by a subjectively olfactory system or sense of smell. Thus, there is a need for the development of highly specific, quantitative analytical methods. In this research, a comprehensive liquid manure analysis approach-capillary electrophoresis (CE) with a systematic optimization procedure-was adopted to measure the concentration of propanoic acid (C2H5COOH, C3), butyric acid (C3H7COOH, C4), valeric acid (C4H9COOH, C5) and caproic acid (C5H11COOH, C6) in swine manure. Liquid samples after filtration were injected into CE directly. The following condition is finally proposed: fused-silica capillary, effective length 40 cm, 50 microm I.D.; buffer, 20 mM Tris and 10 mM p-anisate, pH 8.0; voltage 30 kV; temperature 25 degrees C. The results showed that CE provided a quantitative analysis of volatile fatty acids in liquid manure at the ppm level with minimum sample needed (nanoliter). Moreover, the use of CE is a timesaving technique; one measurement for the separation of those VFAs could be completed within 10 min.